科普 | 什么是旁观者效应？
What is Bystander Effect?
前言：
今年发生的唐山打人事件在网络上引起了轩然大波。人们都为暴徒的无耻行径感到愤怒，同时也有不少网友为旁观者的无动于衷而感到震惊。有人认为，旁观的这么多人完全能够制止这场惨剧，为什么他们却没有出手相助呢？其实者可以用心理学中的旁观者效应来解释。
This year's Tangshan beating incident created quite a stir on the Internet. While many people were outraged by the rioters' brazen actions, many netizens were astounded by the indifference of bystanders. Why didn't so many bystanders pitch in when they thought they could have prevented the tragedy? In fact, the bystander effect in psychology can explain it.
Bystander
Effect
旁观者效应（Bystander effect）是一个最初由社会心理学家达利（John M. Darley）和拉塔尼（Bibb Latané）在1964年提出的社会心理学理论。旁观者效应认为，当个体周围有其他人时，其有更少的可能会为一个受害者提供帮助。当一个个体被要求独自完成一项任务时，其会有很强的责任感和更积极的反馈；当一群人被要求合作完成一项任务时，群体中每个个体的责任感就会减弱，且在面对困难时每个个体更倾向于退缩。
The Bystander effect is a social psychology theory first proposed by John M. Darley and Bibb Latane in 1964. According to the bystander effect, people are less likely to help a victim when they are around other people. When an individual is asked to complete a task on his or her own, he or she feels more responsible and receives more positive feedback. When a group of people is asked to work together on a task, each individual feels less responsible and is more likely to withdraw when difficulties arise.
哪些因素会影响旁观者效应的发生？
What factors may result in the bystander effect?
1. 事件的紧急程度
The Urgency of the Incidence.
一项2011年的研究表明，当危险发生，罪犯出现，且需要的是身体上的帮助时，旁观者效应会被减弱。也就是说，面对越紧急的状况，旁观者越有可能施以援手。
A 2011 study discovered that the bystander effect is reduced when a danger occurs, a criminal is present, and physical assistance is required. In other words, the more urgent the situation, the more likely it is that bystanders will assist.
2. 事件结果的不明确性
The Uncertainty of the Outcome.
相比于结果明确的事件，个体或群体在面临结果不明的情况时需要花五倍以上的时间才能作出反应。在这种情况下，旁观者首先会考虑自身的安全，才会采取措施。换句话说，在面对明确的、没有严重后果的事件时，旁观者更有可能作出反应。
Individuals or groups usually took five times longer to react when faced with an uncertain outcome than when the outcome was clear. Bystanders will consider their own safety first in this case before taking action. In other words, when confronted with a clear-cut event with no serious consequences, bystanders are more likely to react.
3. 对环境的了解程度
The Familiarity of the Surroundings.
如果一个个体对周围环境十分熟悉，其更有可能在面对突发情况时提供帮助；如果个体处于陌生的环境中，则更倾向于保持旁观。
If a person is familiar with his surroundings, he is more likely to offer assistance in an emergency. If the individual is in an unfamiliar environment, they are more likely to remain on the sidelines.
4. 群体的凝聚力
The Cohesion of the Group.
当一个群体内的个体间互相熟悉、更具有凝聚力时，群体在遇到突发情况时能更快地提供帮助；反之，当群体内互相之间很陌生时，就更不容易对突发情况作出反应。
When members of a group are more familiar with one another and more cohesive, the group can respond to emergencies more quickly. People in groups, on the other hand, are less likely to respond to unexpected situations when they are strangers to each other.
5. 责任的扩散
The Diffusion of Responsibility.
当一个群体里的人很多时，群体内的个体会认为自己身上的责任更少且相信其他人会主动承担责任，因此更不倾向于主动作出回应；个体还会认为群体中存在更具有能力帮助的人，如医生和警察，所以不主动采取行动。
Each person in a large group may feel less responsibility for themselves and believe that others will take responsibility for themselves, so they are less likely to respond. Individuals may also believe that others in the group, such as doctors and police officers, are better equipped to assist, so they do not take action.
如何避免成为一个消极的旁观者？
How to avoid being a negative bystander?
很多时候一个群体完全有能力制止一场惨剧，只是缺少一个领头人。为了避免成为一个消极的旁观者，首先需要改变自己的思维定式——不要总指望别人会先采取行动。你不需要采取一些过激的行为，坚定地向歹徒大喊“停下”也可以起到很好的带头作用，避免对受害者的进一步伤害。在危急的情况下主动做群体的引路人非常重要。
Often, a group is capable of preventing a tragedy, but it lacks a leader. To avoid becoming a passive bystander, you must change your mindset and stop expecting others to initiate action. You are not required to take any drastic measures. Firmly Shouting "stop" at the assailant can also be useful in avoiding further harm to the victim. In critical situations, it is critical to take the initiative and lead the group.
参考资料：(文）
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystander_effect
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/bystander-effect
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