1月11日托福考情 题目难度还是很友好的！写作上下午场整套命中！

1月11日托福考试落下帷幕考情速递也已经出炉了！题目难度还是很友好的！写作上下午场整套命中！口语部分重复旧题.......

同学们觉得这次考得如何？期待备考同学们都能顺利上岸！

阅读

R1

麦罗埃王国兴衰

麦罗埃王国乃古代非洲一关键国度，其前身是努比亚地区地方统治者所建的库施王国。库施王国于公元前10世纪渐与埃及分庭抗礼，以纳帕塔为都。公元前750年，库施王卡什塔攻克上埃及重镇底比斯，其子皮安基又拿下孟斐斯，彼时库施势力如日中天，掌控了尼罗河大部分流域。不过，约公元前661年，亚述人来袭，库施人只得撤出埃及，重返纳帕塔。公元前590年左右，因埃及第二十六王朝进犯，库施迁都至麦罗埃。麦罗埃坐落于尼罗河第五、六瀑布间的河谷平原，此地自然资源丰饶，铁矿、木材储量颇丰，助力王国走向兴盛。

麦罗埃凭借铁矿、木材等自然资源，推动了铁器产业的繁荣。历经亚述铁器的冲击后，麦罗埃铁器生产不仅助力农业、木材采伐，还打造出众多兵器。考古发现显示，麦罗埃或为当时非洲最大炼铁中心，其产品与技术不断流向西方、南方。然而，木材的过度砍伐引发环境恶化，给王国带来诸多不利影响。

麦罗埃南部充沛的降雨使农业产量大幅提升，可种植高粱、小米等热带作物，且耕种范围能拓展至尼罗河较远处。此外，王国借鉴埃及水车（saqia）改进灌溉技术，还通过修筑大坝促进畜牧业发展。这些举措既增加了粮食产出，又推动了畜牧业繁荣，让麦罗埃经济愈发昌盛。

麦罗埃的地理优势使其成为贸易重镇，连接撒哈拉以南商品与地中海、印度、远东的贸易网络。但自公元2世纪起，罗马在埃及的暴政、贸易路线的险恶，以及东南部阿克苏姆王国的崛起，使麦罗埃贸易遭受重创。最终，公元350年，阿克苏姆王埃扎纳率军沿阿特巴拉河进发，攻陷麦罗埃城，库施王国就此覆灭。

R2

高羊茅草与真菌互利共生

互利共生是一种双方相互依存、彼此获益的共生现象。高羊茅草（Lolium arundinaceum）与Epichloe coenophiala真菌之间的关系便是互利共生的典型代表。该真菌寄生于高羊茅草地上部分，从草中获取全部营养，而草却无任何外部病症或患病迹象。

高羊茅草是多年生冷季型草坪草，具备很强的适应性和良好的抗逆性，常被用作牧草及草坪草。不过，它与牛马健康问题的联系也需引起重视。研究发现，牛体重增长放缓、奶牛产奶量减少，母马妊娠期流产率升高、产后产奶能力下降，都与食用了感染Epichloe coenophiala真菌的高羊茅草密切相关。这种真菌产生的生物碱是引发上述健康问题的关键所在。

Epichloe coenophiala真菌通过合成生物碱发挥防御性互利共生作用。其一种生物碱能抑制昆虫，从而使高羊茅草更耐昆虫侵害。这些化学物质不仅守护草本身免遭食草动物和昆虫侵扰，还会对周边微生物群落产生影响。

与一般真菌靠空气传播不同，Epichloe coenophiala真菌通过种子传播，尤其是感染发育中的种子胚芽来实现传播。这种传播方式给真菌在种子长期保存中的存活带来了难题。研究人员正致力于探索处理感染种子的方法，以培育出不含真菌的高羊茅植株。

虽然Epichloe coenophiala真菌对牲畜不利，但在草坪、运动场等场景下，其增强的抗虫性却大有裨益。而且，随着基因编辑技术的不断进步，科学家们正在尝试利用该技术培育出既抗虫又不对牲畜造成伤害的牧草新品种，这既能有效解决牲畜健康问题，又能提升高羊茅草在多种用途中的价值。

R3

阿兹特克帝国的农业灌溉

阿兹特克帝国的灌溉农业堪称其农业革新的核心成果，覆盖了墨西哥中部与南部的广袤地域。在地势较为平坦的低洼地及浅湖床地带，阿兹特克人运用洪水灌溉方式，此法较传统轮作更为密集，可产出更多农产品剩余，进而支撑起庞大人口。这种灌溉农业的高效性能，让阿兹特克帝国得以在有限土地上产出高量农作物，为帝国昌盛筑牢根基。

奇南帕是阿兹特克灌溉农业中最为密集的模式，乃是从淡水湖浅水区开垦出的高产农田。其建造方式是将植被与泥土交替堆叠，且在浅湖区栽种柳树，借助柳树根系固定土壤，打造出极为肥沃的根基。这一独特建造手法，既提升了土地肥力，又借柳树根系稳固土壤，防止水土流失，使奇南帕能在水中稳定存在，成为阿兹特克农业的鲜明特色。

在奇南帕之上，阿兹特克人栽种了诸如玉米、豆类、辣椒、苋菜、番茄、鲜花等众多作物，种植技艺也极为高超，先让种子在种床上发芽，再移植至奇南帕，该技术让不同作物种植周期得以重叠，从而增加农产品产量与连续种植的可能。这种高效的种植管理手段，使奇南帕一年内能多次收获，大幅提升了农业生产效率。

奇南帕在阿兹特克帝国经济中占据重要地位，尤其在城市区域，它供应新鲜蔬菜与花卉，满足城市居民所需。在乡村地带，奇南帕对家庭生计的贡献同样不可小觑，不仅为农民带来稳定收入，还在社会交换与状态分配中发挥关键作用。凭借奇南帕的农产品，阿兹特克人得以在社会中有效分配资源，维系社会的稳定与和谐。

奇南帕的地理与历史背景也颇为引人瞩目。它们主要分布于墨西哥盆地南部湖岸地区，尤其是索奇米尔科和查尔科周边。这些地方的奇南帕高产，可保障小家庭自给自足。在阿兹特克文明时期，奇南帕作为高效的灌溉农田系统，通过在浅水湖床建造长方形农田，以植物泥土层层叠加，并依靠柳树根系固定，实现持续农业生产。这些农田不仅产出玉米、豆类、辣椒、花卉等多样作物，还采用种床技术，使作物种植与收获周期重叠，提高农作物产量与效率。在城市与乡村地区，奇南帕满足不同经济需求，为阿兹特克人提供稳定丰富的粮食与农产品供应。

R4

蜜蜂的行为

蜜蜂的行为发育极具灵活性。一个蜜蜂群体一般由数以万计的无性别女工蜂组成，它们都围绕着一只蜂王忙碌。刚出生的工蜂在成长初期，主要任务是喂养蜂王所产幼虫，大约三周后，它们便开始外出采集花粉和花蜜，为整个蜂群提供关键的食物资源。

从护理到采集食物的转变并非偶然，而是受到激素变化的严格控制。年幼的护理工蜂血液中幼虫激素浓度较低，而随着年龄增长，年长的采集蜂血液中幼虫激素浓度会升高。有意思的是，幼蜂经幼虫激素处理后，会提前转变为采集者。而且，采集蜂的脑部有更大的蘑菇体，这有助于它们识别空间标记，从而能在蜂巢和花朵间灵活穿梭，精准地采集花粉和花蜜。

实验进一步证实了蜜蜂行为发育的灵活性。即使蜂群中所有工蜂年龄相仿，它们仍会呈现出明确的分工。部分工蜂会比一般情况更长时间地从事护理工作，而另一些工蜂则比平均时间早两周开始采集食物。这种灵活性极为关键，它既确保了幼虫能得到持续照料，又保障了蜂群的食物供应，维持了整个群体的稳定与繁荣。

社会环境对蜜蜂行为发育影响显著。在蜂群中，与年长采集蜂接触较少的护理工蜂可能会被刺激去从事采集行为。实验显示，向由年轻工蜂组成的实验性蜂群中加入年长采集蜂时，会抑制护理工蜂早期转变为采集者的比例。这表明年轻工蜂的行为发育受社会环境调节，通过调节关键激素释放来影响脑结构变化，进而影响其行为模式。

研究还发现，遗传变异也在一定程度上影响着蜜蜂行为发育的速度。在相同条件下，不同基因型的蜜蜂对相同蜂巢环境反应各异，其中一些基因型的蜜蜂比其他基因型更快地从护理工转变为采集者。这些基因型可能影响幼虫激素的产生速度，或影响个体对蜂群年龄组成变化的敏感性。这种遗传与环境相互作用的复杂机制，共同塑造了蜜蜂独特高效的社会行为模式，使其能在自然界中生存繁衍，为人类提供珍贵的蜂蜜等产品，同时也为植物授粉发挥着不可替代的作用。

R5

罗马帝国的兴衰

罗马帝国曾是古代世界极具影响力的强大帝国之一，然而随着时间的流逝，它逐步走向衰败。经济衰退是罗马帝国衰败的关键因素之一。罗马经济在很大程度上是靠战争掠夺来支撑的，而非依赖生产活动。罗马主要依赖从非洲及西西里获取的粮食以及金钱借贷来维系经济运作。但当征服的土地不再能带来新财富时，帝国便陷入财政困境。为解决财政难题，罗马皇帝们开始贬值货币，致使货币购买力持续下滑。于是，富人们纷纷将资金投入土地，因土地价值相对稳定，能更好地保全其财富。

经济衰退还促使众多富人从城市迁往乡村的别墅生活。这种迁徙对城市经济造成了极为严重的冲击，因为这些富人是城市商业的重要消费群体。随着富人的离去，城市中的商人也失去了顾客，纷纷离开城市，致使许多城市面积缩减，甚至沦为废墟。

此外，帝国总人口的锐减进一步加剧了经济困境。尽管人口从7000万降至5000万，罗马帝国仍维持原有的行政和经济责任，未缩减疆域或减轻负担。为应对人口减少引发的问题，罗马政府将几乎所有行业都组织为世袭行会，这一制度将所有工匠和商人束缚在终身职位上。尤其是当地官员（curiales）被强加了过多的税收和供给责任，甚至被当作对宗教群体的惩罚工具。到5世纪初，该制度几乎覆盖了所有城市和行业，引发了更严重社会和经济问题。

R6

非洲塞伦盖蒂动物的迁徙

每年在非洲塞伦盖蒂平原，都会上演一场震撼人心的动物大迁徙。数百万头角马、斑马和瞪羚会在旱季离开草原，向降水丰沛的地区进发寻找食物。这些动物迁徙，既是对环境变化的应对，也是为了获取特定营养素，比如磷，因为林地食物中磷含量往往不足。

迁徙可看作是一种生态机会主义行为。旱季草原环境恶劣，难以长期生存；雨季草原又变得肥沃，适宜栖息觅食。动物们在草原与林地间迁徙，充分利用两地食物资源，以此维系生存。这种迁徙模式，不仅利于动物获取充足食物，还能助其躲避天敌捕食，提升生存率。

虽然迁徙看似杂乱无章，实则斑马、角马和瞪羚的迁徙有着清晰规律，这与它们体型差异及消化生理紧密相关。斑马能消化大量低质食物，瞪羚需高质量食物，角马则需适中质量食物。这使得它们在迁徙中能高效利用不同食物资源，降低竞争。

科学研究发现，斑马常率先离开草原，啃食枯草，露出营养草叶。随后，角马吃掉剩余草料，留下肥料促新草生长。数周后，原本荒芜草原便成营养丰富新绿草地，正契合瞪羚食物需求。

听力

C 1

一名学生和餐饮服务工作人员说她父母为她购买了每学期235顿的餐食计划meal plan，但她认为太多了，想明年换到最小的餐饮计划。工作人员说父母经常为大一新生通常选择大份计划，不想让他们在饮食上担忧。小份餐食计划（190和95餐）仅针对大三大四学生开放，因为这些学生有更多校外就餐选择。学生最终决定选择190餐的计划。

学生又提到她本学期还有60顿餐还没吃完，询问是否可以转至下学年或抵扣费用，但被告知政策不允许转餐或退款。工作人员建议学生邀请朋友或客人使用剩余餐点，但学生认为她朋友同样有剩余餐点，这让她感到浪费。工作人员建议学生向院长反映这个问题，但学生因学业繁忙决定暂时搁置了这一想法。

L 1

地质学讲座，讲解了石油的形成过程。石油是一种化石燃料，来自史前生物的有机物质。化石燃料的种类（固体solid、液体liquid或气体gas）取决于分子molecule中的碳链长度chain length。天然气由少数碳原子组成，而石油则由较长的碳链组成。

石油的形成需要四个步骤：首先，必须有有机organic来源，主要来自海洋中的浮游生物plankton。其次，死去的浮游生物沉入海底，经过层层泥土覆盖，随着深埋的加深，温度升高，这些有机物在数百万年的过程中发生“烹饪”反应，最终转化为液态石油。

然而，这个过程需要特定的深度、温度范围和时间。第三步是泥土被压实，转化为页岩，这些页岩中含有细小的孔隙，石油就在这些孔隙中形成。石油比水轻，会慢慢向上移动，直到遇到一个较大的岩层（如砂岩sandstone），然后通过这些较大的孔隙被提取出来。

最后，石油需要被一个坚硬的岩层（盖层）所困住，才能形成油藏。整个过程需要极其特定的条件，且需要地球漫长的历史来重复发生。通过比喻将地球历史浓缩为24小时，讲解了石油的形成是一个反复发生的、复杂且漫长的过程。

C 2

讲解艺术修复art restoration实习internship的对话。学生来问老师去意大利的summer volunteer什么时候出结果，因为学生想如果她没有入选，就要选暑期课。老师说如果她需要上课来获得毕业学分要求，就不建议她去summer volunteer。

学生解释她的毕业计划没有问题，但希望通过夏季课程减少下学期的课程负担，以便准备研究生申请。随后，教授提到实习项目主要是修复古代沙岩雕像，而学生一直对画作修复更感兴趣，还表示自己尚未决定未来的职业方向，希望在本科阶段尽可能多地尝试不同的艺术修复工作。

教授还提到，如果没有获得实习机会，可以考虑参与另一个帮助收集艺术修复专业毕业生的就业信息的项目，并参与关于项目改进的调查。这个项目时间不多，但有小额报酬。学生表示如果没有去意大利，她愿意参与这个项目.

L 2

人类学，讲述了人类从游牧nomadic到定居生活sedentary life的转变及其带来的影响。教授首先介绍了新石器革命，这一时期人类开始发展农业和畜牧业，从而转向定居生活。定居生活的优点在于食物供给稳定，且产生了劳动分工，推动了文明的形成。

然而，定居也带来了缺点。研究显示，定居者饮食单一，营养较差，导致健康状况下降，身高降低，且疾病和牙齿问题增加。此外，定居生活环境拥挤，卫生条件差，容易导致疾病传播。相比之下，游牧者饮食更丰富、健康状况更佳，且工作时间较少，有更多时间用于社交和休息。尽管如此，定居生活提供了安全保障，定居者骨折率较低，显示其生活更为稳定和安全

L 3

讲座教授讲的是一种史前的鸟类，科学家们在判断它是不是鸟类的鼻祖，又两种观点。最后通过羽毛的一种颜色物质发现第二个理论是错的。

口语

TASK 1独立口语题

Your professor has offered you the opportunity to assist him with some significant research this weekend. However, you have made plans to travel to your hometown this weekend to attend your sister’s birthday party. What will you do? Explain the reasons for your choice.

TASK 2校园题

Reading：

Limit Size of Poetry Writing Classes (The number of students in poetry writing classes in the creative writing program is too large. It is suggested that the number of students in poetry writing classes should be limited to within 15. To limit the class size, the professor can select the most qualified students.)

Point1: A smaller class enables students to receive more individual attention and feedback from the professor, thereby helping to improve their writing skills.

Point 2: By requiring all students interested in taking the poetry writing course to submit writing samples, the professor can select the top 15 students in the class.

Listening:

Man Agrees

Reason 1: In the poetry class, students will read their poems and receive feedback from the professor. However, if the class is large, there will be few opportunities for reading and receiving feedback.

Reason 2: Currently, only a few students in the poetry class take writing poems seriously, but most of the class time is spent on the poems of those students who are not dedicated to writing.

TASK 3学术讲座题

Credence goodsare products that consumers find it difficult to confirm the benefits after use and can only buy and use based on trust. It takes the example of a professor buying calcium supplements. The professor saw an advertisement promoting the importance of calcium and that many people have insufficient calcium intake, recommending the purchase of supplements. Although the professor didn't feel any changes after buying them, he still believed in their effects.

For instance, the professor saw an advertisement for calcium supplements. The ad mentioned the importance of calcium for the human body and that many people don't get enough calcium in their diet, so it suggested people buy these calcium supplements and take one tablet a day to maintain bone health and strength. When the professor first heard this ad, he didn't think there was a problem with his bones, but the TV ad seemed very reasonable. The professor also wanted to ensure he was getting enough calcium, so he bought a bottle of calcium supplements and started taking them regularly. As a result, the professor didn't feel any changes. He just believed that these supplements were working, strengthening his bones and keeping them healthy, but he wasn't actually sure.

TASK 4 学术讲座题

This lecture is talking about two ways in which eco tourism helps the environment. The first way is to help the environment by reducing pollution during tourists' travel and encouraging the use of clean transportation methods, such as hiking to the scenic spot. The second way is to let tourists participate in environmental restoration projects, making the travel experience a part of participating in the projects, such as planting trees in the rainforest area.

Firstly，eco tourism helps the environment by reducing pollution during tourists' travel. Give an example that a travel company focusing on eco tourism organizes a hiking trip to an ancient site instead of letting tourists take buses that release harmful gases. Thus, this way of sightseeing has less impact on the environment and less air pollution because walking is more environmentally friendly than taking a bus (Eco tourism helps the environment by reducing pollution during tourists' travel. It encourages the use of clean transportation methods. For example, a travel company focusing on eco tourism might organize a hiking trip to an ancient site instead of letting tourists take buses that release harmful gases. Therefore, this way of sightseeing has less impact on the environment and less air pollution because walking is more environmentally friendly than taking a bus.).

Secondly，eco tourism also helps the environment by allowing tourists to participate in environmental restoration projects. These projects enable tourists to understand environmental problems and make their travel experience a part of participating in the projects. For example, an eco tourism company arranges for tourists to plant trees in the rainforest in South America to help restore the deforested area. In this way, tourists can not only enjoy the scenery in South America but also improve the environment and provide a safe habitat for local animals by planting trees (Eco tourism also helps the environment by allowing tourists to participate in environmental restoration projects. These projects make tourists understand environmental problems and make their travel experience a part of participating in these projects. For example, an eco tourism company might arrange a special project for tourists to plant trees in the rainforest in South America to help restore the deforested area. In this way, tourists can not only enjoy the scenery in South America but also improve the environment and provide a safe habitat for local animals by planting trees.).

写作

综合写作

上午场Crewless ships

Recently, the crew-less cargo ships, which can navigate the ocean without a crew on board, are expected to transport goods around the world. The reading claims three advantages of the crewless cargo ships, but the lecture disagrees with the ideas in the reading and holds an opposite belief that the crew-less cargo ships cannot offer significant advantages over the traditional ships.

First, the passage mentions that the costs of crew-less ships are cheaper than the traditional ships. Hiring an onboard crew to operate a traditional ship can cost $3000-$4000 a day, but the expense can be saved if choosing the crew-less ships. On the contrary, the lecture demonstrates a different idea that the crew-less ships cannot save more money than the traditional ships. To be specific, the crew members in the traditional ships can perform maintenance of the ships, while the crew-less ships have to go to harbor for maintenance, and during the maintenance period, the crew-less cannot earn money. Thus, the crew-less ships cannot save much money due to the maintenance of the ships.

Second, the author asserts that the crew-less ships can prevent the pirates from taking over the ships. The pirates may go aboard on the traditional ships, force the crew members to hand over the control of the ships, and steal valuable cargo. Without the crew members, the ships can be less vulnerable to piracy. In the contrast, the speaker states a contrary idea that pirates still have other ways to steal the crew-less ships. The crew-less ships need receive occasional transmission from land, such as the software updates for the technology, but the cyber pirates can alternate the instructions, which means that the pirates can change the courses of crew-less ships even without being near the ships. Thus, the author is heavily challenged by the speaker again.

Last but not least, the article suggests that these crew-less cargo ships can avoid some accidents. There are hundreds of accidents each year in traditional ships, such as fires in engine rooms and taking on water, which are caused by distracted or tired crew members. However, the lecture casts doubt on this advantage and asserts that the crew members can prevent some accidents when the technology fails. According to the listening material, the sensor technology may not work in certain conditions, such as high winds or other extreme weather conditions. If the crew are on board, they can spot the objects in the path and alternate the course timely. Thus, without the crew, technology failure may cause more serious accidents.

下午场Irish Round Towers

There were many stone constructions in Ireland called “Irish round towers”, which were probably built around 1000 years ago. The reading claims that several hypotheses seem to illustrate the purpose of the towers, but lecturer disagrees with the reading and believes that none of the hypotheses is practical.

First, the passage mentions that these towers served as forts to protect residents from foreign invaders. On the contrary, the listening material demonstrates the opposite idea that these towers were not built as forts. To be more specific, most tall buildings need strong underground foundation to support their heavy weight. However, this Irish round towers had no underground foundation, so the constructor piles miles of stones and soil above the ground inside the tower, contributing to the unusual design of doors. Thus, the round towers had no defensive value.

In addition, the author states that the towers were used to be bell towers, as the original name of round towers literally resemble the word that meant bell house. In contrast, the lecturer asserts that the original name is not only similar to the word that meant bell house but also sound like the word that meant stone house. According to the listening material, Irish round towers was the only significant stone-structured building at that time. It is difficult to distinguish whether the name of the round tower comes from the stone house or from the bell tower. Also, there is no archaeological evidence of the existence of bells in the tower. Therefore, the author is heavily challenged by the lecture again.Two words that similar to the original name of round towers were so hard to distinguish.

Last but not least, the article suggests that the towers seem to function as watchtower since the Irish round tower were tall architectures which provided residents a high place to monitor enemies or visitors. However, the speaker is suspicious of the article and asserts that watchtowers need windows from all directions, while many round towers were not built as this way. In fact, certain round towers were built in the valley. Hills around the tower were much taller than the towers, which blocked the views and there were only a few of windows that in specific directions. As a result, the round towers probably did not function as watchtowers.

学术讨论

上午场

Dr.Diaz

This week we are studying how policy for public schools is created and how it may change over time. One very important topic for educational policy involves what courses should be taught in schools. Many people believe that new forms of communication and new kinds of employment require that new and different kinds of courses be taught. The question I want you to discuss is whether new, innovative subjects should be taught in public schools.

Andrew

I definitely think there should be new kinds of courses taught in public schools. For instance, people communicate more and more on the Internet by sharing photographs and videos with each other. I think a course in video composition-that is, how to make good and effective videos-would be really valuable to today's students. And there are many other similar topics that students might benefit from.

Kelly

I really don't think the high school curriculum needs to change. The main purpose of most courses in high school is to prepare students for higher education, and those basic requirements haven't changed. If students want to learn other things, like how to compose photographs or edit films, they can watch instructional videos on the Internet. They don't need a class in school to learn things like that.

Sample

I think new and unique subjects should be included in the curriculum of public schools. With the widespread use of the Internet, online communication has become increasingly important. People now often rely on social media platforms to learn about others, products, and services. In this situation, if students can learn new subjects like video editing, image enhancement, and content writing, it will undoubtedly open up more possibilities for their future presentations and job opportunities.

For example, in the past, English graduates could easily find jobs as English teachers or translators, but now it's becoming more challenging. However, if they had learned video editing during high school, they would be able to adapt to the changing job market. Many have started working in online English teaching or sales, using the video editing skills they acquired during their high school years. These courses and skills have helped them find a starting point for their careers.

Kelly mentioned students who want to learn these subjects can use instructional videos online. However, when students learn on their own, they often approach it with more of an entertainment mindset rather than a focus on learning. By incorporating these subjects into the school curriculum, there will be concrete teaching plans in place. This ensures that students not only memorize information but also understand and apply it. Regular assessments and evaluations will also help students master these skills and make necessary adjustments to their learning. This comprehensive approach will better prepare them for future employment and improve their communication abilities.

下午场

Dr. Gupta:

We've been talking about the process of starting a new business. One of the most important aspects of the process is staffing-that is, deciding which people to hire. Please discuss the following question: Is it better for new businesses to hire experienced veterans of the industry or to staff the business with younger employees who are right out of university? Why do you think so?

Claire:

I think a company should staff a business with the most experienced employees possible. If you're starting a new business, you need people around you who know what they are doing and can get the business up to speed fast. Spending time training inexperienced people will slow you down.

Paul:

I understand what Claire is saying, but if you are starting a new business, you want people who are particularly enthusiastic and energetic. Who better than a recent graduate to bring those qualities to the job? You would be guaranteed an ambitious hard worker.

Sample

I believe that hiring an experienced veteran will be better for a newly founded business. Experienced veterans could lead the business to the right path, just like an adult teaching a baby how to walk. On the contrary, young employees who are right out of the university could not help much of the business since they don't have experience, probably making mistakes on almost every step. For example, my dad has just founded a new business where he receives architectural work from other people and he designs it for them. His employees consist of two younger employees who have just finished university and one 40-year-old worker. The older worker helped almost on every subject they needed to do, designing 3D modeling, managing finance, and even establishing business connections, from which these two young employees learned a lot. My dad's business is now successful thanks to precious working experienced shared by the seasoned veteran.

I understand Paul's point that young people are indeed enthusiastic and optimistic, but I believe that this can sometimes be based on not knowing the harsh environment of society, some young people’s enthusiasm could wane after they experience various challenges and overwhelming pressure in the industry. On the contrary, older workers can be enthusiastic because they have fought for their goals in the fields for many years, and for many of those who have persisted will continue to strive for their ambitions. Thus, these people are highly motivated by themselves rather than reality.