11月13日托福考情 旧题较多

11月13日托福考试落下帷幕考情速递也已经出炉了！

分手局，旧题很多

口语和写作几乎全是旧题

难度系数偏低的一场考试

同学们觉得这次考得如何？期待备考同学们都能顺利上岸！备考的同学速速集合！快来看看本场具体考了哪些内容吧

阅读

R1

red grouse 红松鸡的季节性数量降低的原因

这种鸡的数量波动极为显著，引起了生物学家的关注，他们正在研究这种鸡为何会出现大量死亡的现象，并探讨如何保障它们的健康。这种鸡原本广泛分布于英格兰的广大地区，以特定植物为食，生活区域相对固定，无需进行长距离迁徙。每年它们有两个繁殖季节，分别在春季和秋季。研究发现，这种鸡在秋季数量会迅速减少，但在冬季能保持稳定，到了春季繁殖期又会快速下降。秋季数量减少的主要原因是幼鸟为了争夺领地而发生争斗，形成了不同的社会等级。这种鸡偏爱沼泽地带，因此常会有其他鸡种试图侵占这些区域。通常只有领地争夺战的胜利者才能在次年获得繁殖的权利，失败者由于活动范围受限、食物不足，将无法繁殖。此外，脱离群体的鸡容易被猎捕，冬季可能会有死亡风险。

生物学家发现，当这种鸡表现出强烈的攻击性并占据大片领地时，其数量往往会开始减少；而当攻击性较弱，领地较小的情况下，数量则会逐渐增加。进一步研究发现，如果母鸡获得高质量的食物，它们的攻击性通常较弱，领地也较小。

食物的营养成分也会影响这种鸡的繁殖能力。如果雌鸡摄入的营养丰富，它们孵化的小鸡数量可能会翻倍。因此，提供营养更丰富的食物可以降低攻击性，同时增加幼崽的数量。这种鸡对食物非常挑剔，偏好生长三年以上的植物，并且对营养物质的组成比例非常敏感。如果植物生长的环境营养贫瘠，它们就不愿意在该地区生活。基于此，生物学家建议大约每十年对这种鸡的食物来源进行一次焚烧处理。因为食物过于老化时，鸡会失去食欲。而这种植物再生速度快，营养水平提升也快，几年后就能长出营养价值高的鸡饲料。

R2

Megafauna大型动物的灭绝

大约在一万多年前，地球上还生活着许多大型动物，例如猛犸象，同时也有史前人类的存在。但不知何故，这些大型动物突然灭绝，人类的文明也变得极为稀少，与此同时，地球进入了一个漫长的冰川期。考古学家们试图解开这一巨大生物灭绝事件的原因，以及古人类文明为何终结的谜团。有观点认为，可能是因为人类的过度狩猎和地球气候的急剧变冷，导致了人类和大型生物的逐渐消失。然而，仅凭现有的考古证据，无法证实当时的人类具备捕捉大型动物的能力。而且，大约在八万年前，地球也曾经历过一次冰川期，但并未引发大型动物的灭绝。因此，一万年前的那次大型生物灭绝在可考的历史中是独一无二的，其广泛分布的情况，并非仅凭过度捕猎或冰川期就能完全解释。

在挖掘古代地层时，考古学家发现了一层异常黑色的粘土层，这与大型动物的灭绝时间相吻合。在这层粘土以下，发现了大量的大型动物骨骼和古人类文明的遗物，而在这层粘土以上，却再也找不到猛犸象的骨骼，古人类的文化遗迹也消失了。科学家们据此推测，大约在一万多年前，可能发生了一次巨大的陨石撞击事件，导致了大型古生物和古人类文明的灭绝。这次彗星撞击可能发生在现今北美洲的位置，当时北美洲被冰层覆盖，陨石在太空中爆炸，产生了巨大的冲击波。撞击产生的热量烧毁了森林，使得草原和动物一同消失，留下了大量燃烧的痕迹，形成了之前提到的黑色粘土层。

考古学家确认这次巨大撞击的证据，是在该地层中发现了地球上罕见的稀有金属，以及大量燃烧的证据，如在该地层中常发现的钻石，这通常是撞击和大火带来的。而在这一地层上下，几乎没有发现由撞击产生的钻石和这种稀有金属。因此，这些大型动物的灭绝很可能与陨石撞击有关。

R3

Noise in the Sea

声音是水下生物最重要的交流方式之一。在珊瑚礁的清澈水域，你最多可以看到200英尺。在浑浊的水域，能见度可以缩小到3英尺。但声音在海洋中传播得又快又远。因此，许多海洋动物都依赖听觉来达到各种目的。一些鲸和海豚使用回声定位(通过反射声音来定位物体)进行导航。雄性蟾鱼通过嗡嗡声吸引雌性。但来自船只发动机等来源的背景噪音可以掩盖熟悉的声音，使生活更加危险。在2005年的一项实验中，当被囚禁的蟾鱼听到渡轮的声音时，它们很难听到彼此的声音。自19世纪以来，随着全球经济的发展，船舶噪音一直在无情地增长。80%的国际贸易商品是通过海运运输的。随着贸易量的增加，50%的船舶噪音并没有减少。

听力

C 1

学生找工作人员咨询advisor这份工作的申请所需，寒暄内容有聊到学校的饮食。工作人员提醒要看完最开始的注意事项，再在第二页上填表。期间聊到校园的campus guide工作，学生惊讶于向导们的经验丰富，工作人员指出那是因为他们都接受过培训。学生也有考虑向导这份工作，不过会和已有的安排有一定冲突，需要谨慎选择。最后提到要先去学校的food fair吃饭。

L1

Art History. 擅长print的德国艺术家阿尔布雷希特·丢勒（Albrecht Dürer），他被认为是那时候最厉害的printer。但是后来研究他的作品发现，他可能只负责的绘画的部分，而具体的版刻则是交给别人完成的。后半部分聚焦于他卖画的手段，对于上流社会就高价作画，而对于平民阶层则是兜售价格更低廉的print版画。

C 2

Jeff与教授讨论了几个话题。Jeff兼职记者，写了篇关于Brindley海滩海岸侵蚀和修复项目的文章，并计划拍照。教授希望Jeff用他的照片支持关于海滩悬崖侵蚀的研究，并承诺署名。到此，寒暄部分结束。Jeff想参加下月的落基山脉攀岩旅行，但担心未缴俱乐部会费无法参加。教授表示学生活动费不再涵盖会费，但提出Jeff可作为临时向导参与旅行并获报酬。Jeff同意了这个方案。

L 2

animal behavior，bowerbird园丁鸟的雄鸟喜欢在巢前面从小到大的摆装饰物，利用某种空间法则（视觉上的突出？）来显得自己大，来吸引异性。科学家们据此研究动物的智能，最后通过联系pigeon等其他动物的实验，得出动物大概率不能理解这些视觉法则，不是挑选运用法则最熟练的最有智慧的异性，而只是简单的挑选看着最“大”的异性最为伴侣。

L 3

考古，关于维京人和爱尔兰的交流，在维京墓里找到爱尔兰手工艺品和珠宝，说明了两者在和平时期也是有文化交流的。其中特地提到在墓穴中发现一种盛行于爱尔兰的工艺品，学生质疑墓穴中的工艺品也许并非产自爱尔兰，而只是一种复制品。老师说这不重要，哪怕是复制品也体现了两者的文化交流。最后提到了一个例子，发现了一个下葬在爱尔兰的维京女性。

口语

TASK 1独立口语题

Some students prefer to study for exams in the morning. Other students prefer to study in the evening. Which do you prefer? Explain why?

TASK 2校园题

The school has canceled breakfast. The first reason is that nobody eats it, and the second reason is that there are some other alternative options.

The girl in the listening material doesn't agree.

Firstly, there are classes in the morning. If she doesn't have breakfast, she won't be energetic enough to attend classes.

Secondly, as for the alternative option, the food in the cafeteria or the store is more expensive. Although the overall cost is reasonable, students may not have extra money to pay for it.

TASK 3学术讲座题

High-low pricing

Generally, stores will advertise a low price first to attract customers to buy things. After customers arrive at the store, they will see other high-priced goods and may buy them as well, which will bring profits to the store.

In the listening material, the professor gave an example of his cousin. A clothing store used this way to attract customers and promote sales.

TASK 4 学术讲座题

There are two ways to track the movement trajectories of animals.

The first one is taking photos. Because there are some special stripes on animals' bodies, taking photos can help scientists compare the differences between old and new photos.

Example: whales.

The second way is to attach some tags to animals. It can help scientists observe their movement trajectories without getting close to the animals.

Example: foxes. The tags will emit a mini signal. By receiving the signal, scientists can track their movement trajectories.

写作

综合写作

The writer believesthatcleaning up oil spills with bacteria is problematic。However, the professor’s lecture casts doubt on the reading.

To begin with,the number of bacteria will sharply increase due to feeding on oil spills and remain in the area.The professor in the lecture challenges the opinion, for the reason that bacteria may evolve to feed on oil, and they only reproduce naturally in marine habitats containing oil.

In addition,this type of bacteria must be given additional nutrients in order to grow, reproduce, and complete their work at an effective rate, but the excess nutrients lead to a sharp increase in the numbers of other organisms and damage the ecosystem. However, the professor maintains an opposite opinion thatIf we don't use bacteria and use more traditional methods to clean up oil spills, it will be quite slow. In contrast, the damage caused by over-nutrition is usually not as severe.

In the end, the writer holds the viewthatoil transportation companies are beginning to believe that bacteria can clean up leaked oil inexpensively and effectively. They will reduce their focus on leak prevention, resulting in more frequent leaks and potentially causing long-lasting environmental damage. Whereas, the professor in the lecture believes, on the contrary of reading, the oil transportation company will continue to be very careful to prevent leaks, as in the event of a leak, the company will also need to incur other costs, such as compensating the local fishing industry.

学术讨论

Your professor is teaching a class on education. Write a post responding to the professor's question.In your response, you should do the following.

Express and support your opinion.

Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words.

An effective response will contain at least 100 words.

Dr. Achebe

This week, we'll be discussing ways in which schools can help expose their students (aged5- 18) to learning experiences beyond the classroom. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea that some schools are considering - offering outdoor classes once a month. On the day of outdoor classes students will be transported to local parks or nature preserves, and teachers can help students explore nature and leam about the environment Do you think this is a good idea? Why or why not?

Kelly

Having outdoor classes once a month seems like an exciting way of providing students withinterestinghands-on experiences. However,I don't think these classes would be aworthwhile use of instructional time and school resources. These classes could put substantial pressure on the school's financial resources and on teachers, who may have to redesign their lesson plans.

Andrew

On the other hand, outdoor classes can increase students' motivation to learnabout the interconnectedness of the natural world. These classes could provide great opportunities to teach students about pressing environmental issues, such as pollution, and ways to address these problems. It would deepen their understanding beyond what books alone could achieve and would be time well spent.