10月19日托福考试落下帷幕，考情速递也已经出炉了！
托福考试有不少旧题
难度开始有回升趋势
同学们觉得这次考得如何？
阅读
R1
月球上的地震与地球上的地震还是有一些区别的。因为地球上其实是有火山喷发的，但是月球上没有，而且也没有很明显的地壳活动。因此月球上的地震每年大概是几千次。而且月球上的地震往往都是震级比较小的地震。而且月球也没有海洋和大气层，这代表着它的整个月球的各种活动程度都比较低。因此月球上更加的安静，探测的更加的准确。
月球上的地震有一种是比较深层的地震，大概在1000公里左右。他往往都是月球当中的地河在进行地震，现在能够明确的深层地震，大概有将近100次。而且会发现月球上的地震的时候，尤其是深层地震，往往是与地球相对距离比较近的时候。这个时候地球上正好出现了很明显的潮汐现象。因此月球上的地震和潮汐的间隔是很相似的，大概都是半个月。因此这也表明。月球上的深层的地震，往往是有地球的引力所导致的。而相应的地球上的科学家一直想寻找与潮汐相对应的地震，但是多年来一直找不到。
还有一种地震是发生在月球的整个表面。但是他就没有任何发生的规律，因此也有科学家认为其实月球表面的地震也是有月球的板块摩擦而引起的。但是如果是这种想法的话，那么月球的下面应该是有地下水的。当然也有可能是在温度异常的状况下出现的热胀冷缩的情况。因为在月球的冷热温度有可能差距非常大。
当然还有一种可能是因为撞击而造成的。因为月球经常会遭受一些撞击，而这些地震探测器可以很轻易的去察觉这些撞击。而且为了特定确定碰撞月球而带来的震动到底有多大？因此一些探测器在坠毁之前会被设定以特定的速度来撞击月球。通常发现，月球地震的波及范围大概是1000公里。而且由于撞击的时间和位置是精确的，所以可以很容易的去测量出撞击的传播速度。并且通过对于月球地震的精确的测量可以确定，月球普遍都是有严实所组成的。月球的表面是很硬的地壳。中间是内盒，内盒有可能会比较软，但是大概率它不是液体。在地球上比较小的地震往往就持续一分钟左右，但是在月球上的一些地震有可能会长达一个小时。
R2
人类学家将最早的采集者定义为了非常富裕的社会。因为根据对于早期的考古数据来看。采集者的工作时间，其实比现在工业化的工人工作的时间要更少，而且休息的时间会更多。虽然当时人均的财富都比较少，但是他们生活的并不窘迫。而且人类学家还说贫穷其实本质上是一种社会地位，因为是文明社会出现了之后。因为资源和地位的不平等，而才导致了贫穷。
实际上当采集社会出现的时候，当时人们的食物供应是非常稳定的，而且食物的供应非常多样化。但是当农业社会出现之后，其实很多人晚上睡觉的时候都是饿着肚子的。这种对于社会的认知是非常深刻的。而且在采集社会的时候，人们的食物意味非常的多样化，所以营养非常的均衡，但是当农业出现之后，因为人们的食物变得单一，因此人们开始因为缺少某些维生素，而会出现一些疾病。当人们主要的粮食是玉米的时候，会出现缺乏维生素b而引起的疾病。而一些文化当中会用碱来处理玉米。来减少人类有可能出现的缺乏维生素b2带来的疾病。而过度地依赖大米则会出现缺少维生素b1而导致的精神疾病。
但是虽然农业社会有可能导致缺少某种维生素，但是我们必须看到的是农业社会产生的足够多的粮食，是人类能够不停的去扩充自己的人口。因为很多考古学家已经比较过不同时期，农业社会出现后人类身体的骨骼状况。在其他所有影响因素都相似的情况下，农业社会的骨骼往往会更加的强壮有力。但是在采集社会却不会出现类似的情况。而且因为在农业社会，人们会聚集，所以农业社会更容易出现传染病。而且家禽也往往会增加人类去染病的机会。
而围着农业社会到工业社会的转变，很多的发达国家的粮食结构又发生了巨大的变化。很多的发达国家，食物已经变得非常的便宜，而且非常的充足，并且因为储存技术越来越先进，所以粮食的问题不受季节的影响。这个时候就可以通过现代化的调节，使得人们的寿命增长，并且人口数量也出现增长。而且个体的身材更大，也更健壮。但是在一些原始社会，又会出现因为饮食结构的改变，而使得人们过于肥胖的问题。其实会出现一些糖尿病。人类学家认为这些原始的人类之所以会出现这些疾病，因为他们之前没有接触过如此丰富的营养。
两篇往年阅读原题，扫描文末老师二维码获取完整版
听力
C 1
戏剧话题。
学生想要选择一个主题，但春假之后太忙了，选了英国和西班牙的戏剧。教授建议结合两者。
L1
艺术话题。
一个艺术家的风格暂时改变，彩色变成黑白。这种改变受到了立体主题和摄影的影响
L 2
心理学。
教授讨论大脑如何处理感官信息，强调感知有时是不同感官信息结合的结果。教授提到一个关于视觉的实验，志愿者在黑暗中挥动手，报告能否看到手的运动。尽管处于完全黑暗中，许多人声称能看到手的移动。研究人员使用眼动仪确认，这些受试者的眼球运动是平滑的，而不是猜测或想象的颤动。这表明他们确实在“看到”某些东西。教授进一步解释，研究人员假设一些人的视觉和运动处理神经元相互连接，使大脑能够利用运动感知生成视觉图像。
他们认为，经过多次观察自身肢体的运动，大脑可能会在没有视觉输入的情况下预测出运动的图像。此外，许多能在黑暗中“看到”手的受试者自我认定为联觉者，他们在日常生活中自然地体验多重感官印象。研究人员认为，联觉者的神经连接异常强，因此他们在黑暗中的视觉体验更为显著，结果证明他们确实更容易在黑暗中看到自己的手移动。这项研究揭示了感官信息之间的神经互联性。
C 2
生活对话。
学生妹妹要去宿舍住，本来室友计划出行但取消了，她给学生妹妹找地方住。管理员让填一张表，承诺不损坏物品。她担心妹妹不能开心玩。管理员建议游泳和去天文馆，可以用望远镜以及有音乐。
L 3
生物学话题。
讲了一种植物会不停变换叶子形态，科学家一开始以为是不同的植物，形态和颜色都会变。
口语
TASK 1独立口语题
Imagine that you have been accepted by two different universities. One is well-known and offers excellent academic programs, but its tuition is expensive; while the other university is less well-known but offers you a scholarship. Which one will you choose?
TASK 2校园题
Reading Passage:
The school has proposed not allowing students to stay in the residence halls during winter break in order to save resources and reduce maintenance costs. The reason for this proposal is that the occupancy rate of the dorms drops significantly during the break, as many students return home or go on vacation.
Listening Passage (Rebuttal):
The male student disagrees with this proposal.
1. Even if the dorm occupancy is low, the school could consolidate all the remaining students into one building.
2. Although students can stay at nearby hotels, the cost of accommodation may be a considerable expense for students. Additionally, taking taxis from the hotel to campus would incur extra transportation costs, which could be a financial burden for students on a tight budget.
TASK 3学术讲座题
Distinction Bias
Reading Passage: Project Premortem
A project premortem requires team members to envision a future scenario where a project has failed and explore the possible reasons for its failure. This method differs from a postmortem, which occurs after a project has failed. The goal of a premortem is to identify potential risks ahead of time, allowing preventive measures to be taken, thus increasing the likelihood of project success. It encourages team members to consider possible issues and develop strategies to address them before the project begins. (Unlike a postmortem, which happens after the fact, a project premortem attempts to determine beforehand what could lead to the failure of the project.)
Listening Example:
A chain of Italian restaurants was planning to open a new location near a university campus. Before implementing this plan, they used the project premortem strategy. They considered possible reasons why the new restaurant might fail, such as students potentially not wanting to wait for table service. Based on this insight, the owners decided to offer fast-food options at this location, like takeout pasta and pizza, so students could get their food quickly. This strategy proved highly successful, as the restaurant met students’ demand for quick service and gained strong support and popularity from the student community.
TASK 4 学术讲座题
The benefits of swamp areas for crop cultivation:
1. Ensures a stable water supply
2. Provides essential nutrients for crops
写作
综合写作
阅读部分：
The British Library owns a fourteenth-century handwritten book containing four poems considered to be among the finest of the English Middle Ages. The unknown author is referred to as the Pearl Poet after the title of one of the poems in the manuscript. Several theories have been put forward about the Pearl Poet’s identity.
John Massey
One theory suggests that the Pearl Poet was John Massey. John was known to have lived in northwest England, where the poems of the Pearl manuscript were produced. Moreover, the surviving manuscript of John’s poem, “Saint Erkenwald,” is in the same handwriting as the British Library’s manuscript of the poems of the Pearl Poet. These facts make a good argument that the Pearl Poet was John Massey.
Hugh
According to a second theory, the fourteenth-century poet known as little Hugh authored the poems. Historical records indicate that Hugh wrote a poem called “The Adventure of Gawain,” which some have hypothesized is the same as one of the four Pearl Poet poems, “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.” The poems of the Pearl Poet make extensive use of alliteration – pairs of adjacent words that begin with the same consonant sound (for example, large lake) – and it is known that Hugh wrote alliterative verse. The shared subject matter and use of alliteration support the identity of Hugh as the Pearl Poet.
No single author
A third theory argues that the four poems in the manuscript were in fact written by several authors rather than a single one. The only thing all the poems have in common is that they mention places in the same region of England. So perhaps the manuscript represents a collection of poems by several authors from the same region.
听力部分：
Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
While the suggestions for the Pearl Poet's identity may sound plausible, once we consider all the facts, they are not convincing.
First, John Massey. It's true the manuscript of John Massey's poem, St. Irkenwald, and the manuscript of the Pearl Poet are in the same handwriting. But this does not mean that their author was the same person. In the 14th century, books were reproduced by copying. And so, most handwritten books from that period are, in fact, not the original documents written by their authors, but copies made by professional copyists. So all that the handwriting similarity means is that John's poem and the Pearl Poet poems were copied by the same person.
Second, it's true that Hugh and the Pearl poet both used alliteration and wrote a poem about a character called Gawain. But, despite this connection, they were probably not the same person, since their poems were written in different dialects of English. At the time, people from different regions of England used quite different varieties, or dialects, of English. All of Hugh's surviving poems are in the regional dialect spoken in Yorkshire. But the pearl poet wrote in a very different dialect of English from a different region of England, so Hugh was probably not the writer of the pearl poet poems.
Finally, there probably was a single pearl poet. The similarity among the poems goes beyond mentioning the same places. The poems of the Pearl Manuscript also share the same vocabulary. There are some very uncommon words that appear in two or more of the poems. Some of these words appear in no other works of literature. It's very unlikely that several different writers would have used the same unique words. The shared vocabulary is a strong indication that all four poems were written by a single author.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.
学术讨论
Doctor Achebe: In this unit, we will be learning about effective strategies for increasing student motivation. Let's begin by discussing one common concern shared by many high school teachers: some of their students typically aged 14 to 18, seem to be bored or uninterested in learning. In your view, what strategy should teachers use to increase high school students' interest in learning? Please explain why you think this one particular strategy will be effective.
Claire: I believe teachers should incorporate more group work activities into their lessons. While completing tasks in groups or teams, students will have an opportunity to share their opinions and learn from their peers. Having a sense of belonging is important to teenagers, so being part of a team will likely make them more interested in learning.
Kelly: In my opinion, teachers should explain how the lessons they teach in the classroom have a connection to events in the world outside high school. Students will likely become more interested in learning once they understand that the lessons can help them be better prepared for future university studies and work.
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